The Shilha Intro/Index

Intro/Index

 

This blog is about the Shilha people of North Africa. The Shilha people inhabit the Western High Atlas and Anti Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The Shilhan culture is an offshoot from he Berber ethnic group, which are the dominant North African ethnicity. The culture will be broken up into the following posts:

1.    History of the Shilha

 

2.    Homeland of the Shilha

 

 

3.    World of the Shilha

 

4.    Shilhan Cosmos

 

 

5.    Birds of the Shilha

 

6.    The Shilha and theirNeighbors

 

 

7.    Shilhan Migrations and Diaspora

 

8.    Shilhan Music

 

 

9.    The Shilhan CulturalSurvival

 

10.   References

 

 

 

  

History of the Shilha

History of the Shilha

Ancient Berber Territories
enwikipedia.org

The Shilha are a sub-culture group of the Berbers. The Berbers are the ethnic group native to North Africa. The Berbers pre-existed the modern day Arab groups that inhabit much of North Africa and particularly Morocco. The Shilha and the other Berber groups descended from the ancient Numidians, who were close allies with the Carthaginians. The Berbers at first resisted conversion to Islam, but around the 7^th century A.D. a vast majority of them converted to Islam. Following their conversion, they played a very important role in the Islamic invasion and eventual takeover of Spain in the 8^th century A.D.

During the 11th and 13th centuries the Berbers existed as two large dynasties: the Almoravids and the Almohads. The Berbers held control over the majority of Spain as well as North Africa. The major split of the Shilha from the greater Berber group is seen in their language. The classical Berbers spoke either Tarifit, Tachelhit or Tamazight. The Shilhan people spoke Tachelhit, whereas many of the other major groups spoke Tarifit or Tamazight. These languages originated sometime around the origin of the Carthaginian people.

Following imperialism throughout much of North Africa the Berbers were split into separate regions based off of the territories they lived in. Many became citizens of these European owned territories and were even converted to Christianity.

   References

 

 

http://www.al-bab.com/arab/background/berber.htm

 

Goodman, Jane E. Berber Culture On The World Stage : From Village To Video. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 5 May 2014.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_people

 

 

 

 

 

Homeland of the Shilha

Homeland of the Shilha

 

 



www.worldatlas.com

The Shilha live predominantly in southern Morocco, however a small portion also inhabit western Algeria. Many of them live in the Western High Atlas and the Anti Atlas mountains of Morocco. Much of their daily lifestyles are limited by their landscape and climate. They have very limited land that can be used for agriculture, due to the limited amount of rich soil, vegetation and water. The landscape is very mountainous with large valleys in between the separate ranges. Their communities are very separated by the Atlas Mountains. Even though they are not very long, they have some of the highest peaks in the entire region.


www.travelphoto.net

Between November and May the entire region is blanketed in snow, making it difficult to keep crops alive as well as feed the livestock. On the southern slopes of both the Atlas Mountains and the Anti Atlas Mountains there is almost no plant life or vegetation available to them.
Many of the people live down in the valleys and tend to live nomadically as they travel from place to place. A few of the people live within square huts on the sides of the mountain ranges.

Much of northern Africa is very barren with the exception of a few reservoirs of water found deep within canyons. The location of the Shilhan villages and society are dependent on the availability and proximity of natural resources such as vegetation for their herds, water, and adequate soil for agriculture. Centuries of their people inhabiting these rough terrains have made them experts at being able to survive with little to no resources provided by the earth.

References

Cohen, Mark I. Morocco: old land, new nation. Publisher: New York, Praeger [1966].

Sadiqi, Fatima. "The Place Of Berber In Morocco." International Journal Of The Sociology Of Language 1997.123 (1997): 7-21. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

 

 
 
 


World of the Shilha

World of the Shilha

 

 

Couscous
www.onceuponachef.com

The world of the Shilha revolve solely around the successes of their individual villages. They are very segregated, due to the landscape and often only have up to about 500 people within each village. Most villagers make a living as shepherds or farmers. They typically herd smaller livestock such as goats and sheep. The most common crop they grow is couscous. Couscous is a staple of their diet and is often incorporated into every meal. They also harvest many spice crops such as cinnamon and cardamom. Crops and livestock may be taken to larger market areas to be sold.

Quran
www.islamicbookpoint.com

In recent years many Shilhan people have left their villages for large cities in search of jobs and prosperity. Most of their core values align with traditional Islam. Education is not considered very valuable with only young boys attending school to learn the Quran. Women are subservient to the men and are not formally educated. They are a very poor people that make something out of nothing. They are a very proud, hardworking people.

They speak the native language of Tashelhit, which is a Berber language. This language has been around for centuries and is only spoken by the Shilhan people and a few other small Berber groups. With the reading of the Quran North Africa dialects of Arabic have almost been commonly spoken in recent years. 

References

 

http://www.gateway-africa.com/tribe/Shilha_Berbers_tribe.html

 

 

Blauer, Ettagale and Jason Laure. Morocco. New York : Children's Press, c1999.

 

 

 

 

 

 



     


The Shilhan Cosmos

The Shilhan Cosmos

 

 



Moroccan Mosque
1001traveldestination.wordpress.com

99.9% of the Shilhan people practice Islam. About 0.1% practice Christianity. It is illegal to practice any other religion other than Islam, however missionaries have been making strides in the area, beginning with the distribution of Bibles to a few villages of people. Although they practice Islam, they also have elements of mysticism and spiritism that are intertwined with traditional Islamic traditions and beliefs.

Shilhan Ritual Dance
www.joshuaproject.com
 

These elements of mysticism and spiritism are based off of mythical legends and other cultural aspects that are unique to each village. Festivals And celebrations occur within each village in accordance with Islam as well as their local spiritual beliefs. They closely follow the Quran, however they are not as strict as many other North African Muslim groups. They do not practice or adhere to Sharia Law, but women are still very submissive to their husbands. They believe in a God that is constantly present and active in their daily lives.

The Shilhan values and culture are directly tied to their strong Islamic faith. They do not eat pork, nor do they consume alcohol. They participate in standard Islamic holidays such as Ramadan.

References

 





http://joshuaproject.net/clusters/145

Nelson, Harold D. Morocco, a country study / Foreign Area Studies, the American University. Washington, D.C. : Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1985.   


Birds of the Shilha

Birds of the Shilha

 

 

Northern Bald Ibis
www.khil.net

Morocco’s landscape is very barren and mountainous. This makes it very difficult for many species of birds to survive in its climate. There are approximately 454 different species of birds that live throughout Morocco. 5 species were introduced by humans from other parts of the world and about 156 are considered rare. 

Morocco is home to the world’s largest population of Northern Bald Ibis. This bird is able to survive in very rocky, barren deserts. This makes it the perfect bird to survive in Morocco. This migratory bird is considered critically endangered. It has completely disappeared from Europe and only about 500 remain throughout southern Morocco. The cultures of Morocco respect this bird and it is illegal to kill it. Bird watchers from all over the world travel to Morocco’s Souss-Massa National Park to admire this rare bird species.

   

 

References

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_people

 

http://www.gateway-africa.com/tribe/Shilha_Berbers_tribe.html 



The Shilha and Their Neighbors

The Shilha and Their Neighbors

 

 

Shilhan Musicians
www.essaouira.nu

The Shilha are a minority group within Morocco and are one of the smaller Berber groups. There are only about 8.5 million of them worldwide. Overall, the Shilha are surrounded by other Berber Muslim groups. The dominant ethnic group in Morocco is Berber. They share the Atlas Mountains with the Brabers, Chlouhs, and the Riffians. They get along well with the surrounding groups and tend to exchange goods and trade with them.

The Berber groups around them live very similar lifestyles that revolve around herding and farming. They also live in small segregated villages. The Shilha are recognized by the Moroccan government as a minority group and there don’t appear to be any issues with the government.

 

 

References

 

 

Silverstein, Paul A.1. "In The Name Of Culture: Berber Activism And The Material Politics Of "Popular Islam" In Southeastern Morocco." Material Religion 8.3 (2012): 330-353. Art Abstracts (H.W. Wilson). Web. 5 May 2014.

 



Shilhan Migration and Diaspora

Shilhan Migration and Diaspora

 

 

Cairo, Egypt
www.rts.com

The Shilhan predominantly live throughout southern Morocco and western Algeria, however in the past few decades many have left their secluded villages in search of opportunities in large metropolitan areas. There are significant Shilhan populations in Cairo, Benghazi and Madrid. Some of the Shilhan people who left have successfully started businesses in these cities.

Overall, most of the Shilhan remain in the same village they were born into. Family and community are very valuable to the Shilhan, making it very rare for individuals to migrate elsewhere. 

Shilhan Cultural Survival

Shilhan Cultural Survival

 

 

Moroccan Flag
www.mapsofworld.com

The Shilha are a very proud people, who live in seclusion from the rest of the world. Their survival rests on the success of each individual village. Very little interaction occurs between villages. The staple of their society is their herding. If they are unable to keep their animals alive by finding water and food for them to eat they have no way to make a living. Unlike our culture which depends on education and knowledge, they rely more on family and religion. Islam and each village’s cultural beliefs are the focal point of their society.

 

 

The greater Moroccan government does not persecute or have any other altercations with the Shilhan people. They live peaceful lives away from the rest of organized society. Their biggest obstacle is their environment. They live in a very barren region with little to no resources that can contribute to their survival. They rely heavily on the availability of water for themselves and their animals. 

 

 

References

 

Goodman, Jane E. Berber Culture On The World Stage : From Village To Video. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 5 May 2014.



Shilhan Music

Shilhan Music

 

 

Shilhan music branches off of Berber music. It is very rich and diverse due to the diversity of cultures found within the ancient Berber Empires. Music styles and types range from village to village depending on the individual cultures the villagers instill.

Rabab
tablasitar.net

Instruments range from bagpipes and pentatonic music to Celtic bagpipes. Many African cultures south of Morocco have also contributed to the style of modern Shilhan music. European contributions can also be seen due to the European influence on North Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries.

 

Music is highly valued in the Shilhan culture. Music can be heard at village ceremonies, wedding and other celebrations. Berber music can be classified as one of three different types: folk music, village music and music performed by professional musicians. Rwais are Shilha Berber musicians. They play using lotars, nakous or cymbals and single-string rababs.   

 

 

 

Below is a list of Moroccan Berber musicians:

 

Bnet Marrakech

 

Hasnia El Becharia

 

Moh Alileche

 

Najat Aatabou

 

 

Here's a link to some Berber music:

 

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY5qE36_TtA

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbZRO-FhKQs

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmVgx1ptK4s&feature=player_embedded

 

 

References

 

http://www.al-bab.com/arab/background/berber.htm



 



 

 



References

References



Internet Sources

1.      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_people

2.      http://www.gateway-africa.com/tribe/Shilha_Berbers_tribe.html

3.      http://joshuaproject.net/clusters/145

 

4.  http://www.al-bab.com/arab/background/berber.htm

Academic Journal Articles

1.      Goodman, Jane E. Berber Culture On The World Stage : From Village To Video. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 5 May 2014.

2.      Sadiqi, Fatima. "The Place Of Berber In Morocco." International Journal Of The Sociology Of Language 1997.123 (1997): 7-21. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

3.      Silverstein, Paul A.1. "In The Name Of Culture: Berber Activism And The Material Politics Of "Popular Islam" In Southeastern Morocco." Material Religion 8.3 (2012): 330-353. Art Abstracts (H.W. Wilson). Web. 5 May 2014.

Book Sources

1.      Blauer, Ettagale and Jason Laure. Morocco. New York : Children's Press, c1999.

2.      Cohen, Mark I. Morocco: old land, new nation. Publisher: New York, Praeger [1966].

3.       Nelson, Harold D. Morocco, a country study / Foreign Area Studies, the American University. Washington, D.C. : Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1985.